Ch8 連接詞(Conjunctions)

常用連接詞:
And
Or
But
So
Because
Even Though == Although

輔助詞
Too
Either
Neither

• And ; Or

"字詞"連接 加"," 最後才or 或 and
I saw a cat ,a mouse , and a dog.
Do u want tea , coffee, or milk?

"句子"連接時, 加逗號
I saw  a cat , and u saw a cat.


時態相同
詞性相同

• But

but後面有S+V時,完整子句,前面加逗號
I called Tom, but he didn't answer.
you called Tom or left message

助動詞代替動詞片語

I don't like coffee, but my friend does. (看主詞為單複數,時態)
I like tea, but my friends don't.
I am going to eat dinner, but my friend isn't.

• Too, Either,Neither 用法

Sue works at HUNT, and Tom does too.
Sue works at HUNT, and so does Tom.

Ann doesn't work at hospital, and Joe doesn't either.
Ann doesn't work at hospital, and Neither does Joe.

非正式:
Me too.
Me (n)either.

• Because,Even Though , Although

Because 子句+ , +主要子句
主要子句+Because 子句.

Even Though , Although也相同,注意逗點

• 逗點位置

如果 A, B 兩個為主要句子, 則連結詞時前面要加逗點 如: A句子, and B 句子

但是如果A為主句, B為字句 則A句子B子句(子句形容前面A,所以為一體); B子句,A句子


----------------------------------------------------------

As if  & As though (猶如,好像)

用於猜想,未必是事實=>The floods were rising and it was as if it was the end of the world.

後面可接介系詞=> She moved her lips as if to smile.

前面常接verb feel or look =>She felt as if all her worries had gone.

口語上 可用like取代as if & as though=>She felt like all her worries had gone.

• 連接詞, 主詞省略 (before,after,when,while...)

http://english.nhsh.tp.edu.tw/p21.htm

Before/After + S1 + V1, S2+V2. 當S1 == S2 時

S1省略外, be 動詞也要省略, 有時甚至連連接詞也省略了, 而這就是分詞構句了. 即以Ving (現在分詞;主動) 或Vpp (過去分詞;被動)

(finish 是she 主動去完成的動作)
After she finished her homework, she went shopping. ==
After finishing her homework, she went shopping. ==
Finishing her homework, she went shopping.

Before the dog was hit by a car, it was running on the street. ==
Before hit (Vp.p) by a care, the dog was running on the street. ==
Hit (Vp.p) by a care, the dog was running on the street.

S1 =/= S2主詞不同時
省略連接詞，動詞變分詞--主動 → ing、被動 → p.p.

If  time (S1) permits,  we (S2) will stop off in Hong Kong to do some shopping.
== Time  permitting, we will stop off in Hong Kong to do some shopping.

難點:

1.判斷連接詞(或者是adv,adj, preposition)
2.主詞省略 + verb變化

----------------------------------------------------------

。對等連接詞：and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet

。相關連結詞：either… or, neither… nor, both … and

。從屬連結詞：after, because, if, as though, in order that

1. 轉折

用途：前段或前句意思和後段不同，或有意義上的轉折。常用作連結兩者，標示著有相反或相對的意思。

連接詞	意思	用法	例句
Nevertheless	儘管如此	常用於句子開首，也可用於中段	She was hungry, nevertheless, she gave her bread to a beggar.
On the contrary	恰恰相反	句子中段	I did not go to London, on the contrary I went to Paris.
However	然而	句子開首或中段	we thought he became a better person; however, he is not.
But	然而、但是	句子開首或中段	The food is more expensive but its nutritional value is higher.
Although	雖然	句子開首或中段	I will not buy the food although its nutritional value is higher.

2. 先後、層次（段落）

用途：多散落並用於整篇文章之中，也可用於闡述論點。使整篇文章有鮮明的結構，經常用於闡述數個論點，讓讀者知道文章架構，使他們易於閱讀。

連接詞	意思	用法	例句
First, … Second, …	第一，… 第二，…	常用於每段或每個議點的首句句首	There are two principles. First, the Principle of Equal Liberty, … . Second, the Difference Principle, … .
On one hand, … On the other hand, …	一方面，… 另一方面，…	常用於分別闡述兩個論點，置於論點的句首	On one hand, it exploits the income of the poor, … . On the other hand, it causes alienation, … .

3. 層遞（句子結構）

用途：多用於闡述論點中、也可用於梳理整篇文章脈絡。用於說明兩者或以上的事物，而每者皆有共通點。通常以某種特定順序排列說明， 顯現出層層遞升或遞降的表達方式、亦讓讀者了解到每者之間的既定關係。

adv => therefore 則是作為副詞，引導綠色句，表達「因果關係」，要分兩個句子.

ADV	意思	用法	例句
Moreover, …	此外、而且	句子開首或中間	I can cook myself now. Moreover, I can feel romance now.
Besides,	此外、除…之外	句子開首或中段	The car is too expensive, and besides, it is not compulsory.
In addition,	此外	句子開首	He is a professor. In addition, he is a television commentator.
then, …	另外	句子開首或中段	She is good, but then so is he.
Furthermore, …	而且、此外、再者	句子開首或中段	Furthermore, he is no longer hungry now.

4. 並列

用途：用於說明兩者或以上的事物，而每者皆有共通點。每者沒有先後次序之分，各個描述的事物的地位一樣。能讓讀者了解到各者的特點及共通點。

連接詞	意思	用法	例句
And	及、和	多用於句子中間	Peter and Mary are my friends.
Either, … or … .	要麼…要麼…	兩字一起使用，通常是用作二擇其一	It’s either black or grey. I can’t remember.
Both … and … .	… 和 …	兩字一起使用	Both Peter and Mary are my friends.
…as well as…	以及	多用於句子中間	When they go to Austria, they like walking as well as skiing.

參考:

【英文文法】英文作文必備實用連接詞大全，寫作從此沒難度！ AmazingTalker®

Ch5 問句

多益聽力第二段 重點, 問句開頭為何?
常見為: What When Where Why Who(Whom,Which)  How

• 5-1 Yes/No 問句 (助動詞)

主要為 現在式、過去式、進行式、未來式、現在完成式

現在式 : Do/Does + S + V原 +O ?   Do you like tea?

過去式: Did + S + V原 +O ?   Did someone call me?

進行式:  Is / Are + S + Ving +O ? Is it raining?

未來式: Will + S + V原 +O ?  Will Rob be there?

• 5-2 疑問詞

常見疑問詞為: What When Where Why Who(Whom,Which)  How

疑問詞+ (5-1 助動詞) +S +( V原/ Ving)  + (O/子句) ?

where does he go?
who did you see?
what are you studying?
when will you graduate?

p.s Who  or What 當主詞時 有時 不用助動詞, 注意動詞時態

Who Came to dinner? Someone came
What happened yesterday? Something happened

Who & what 當受詞時 (不能省助動詞)

Who(m) did you see? I saw someone
What did you see?  I saw something

• 5-3 Why 

why 可等同 what .... for ; How com...

why用於Explanation & Purpose
why did he leave?

What...for; for what 用於Purpose
what did he leave for? 也可For what did he leave?

用於口語,比why , what for 語氣好
How come he left? //有時態

• 5-5 What + do 問活動or 計畫

What do you do every morning?
What did you do yesterday?
What is you doing?
What are you going to do ?
What would you like to do tomorrow? (未來)

• 5-6 Which & what kind of

多個選擇時的詢問 which
which pen do you want?
which one do you want?
which do you want?

詢問種類 what kind of 

what kind of shoes do you like?

• 5-7 What 常用問句

What+介係詞

what is it for?    //問目的

what is it like?   //問狀況

what is it about? //問內容

• 5-7 whose 物品所有權

whose book is this ? It's John's book.
who's book? => John .

whose&who's 發音相同, 注意面動詞
whose 所屬(有)關係

• 5-8 How 用法

How + adj/adv + 助動詞 +S ? // adj/adv 可加可不加
adj=>old,tall,big,sleepy,hungry
adv=>soon,well,quickly

How old are you? //adj
How well do you know this guy? //adv

問交通工具
How did you get here?
I took a taxi/bus/plane.

5-9
How often同 How many times a day(a month,a year)
How often do you go shopping? //adv

5-10
How far == How may miles(blocks,kilo)
How far is it from there to MRT?
How far do you live from school?

5-11 How long == How many days
How long do you have off work?

It take (someone 受格) 時間+ to V
It take me 20 minutes to cook 


5-14 用於口語
How about == What about  + Ving / (代)名詞=>提出建議

How about going to the zoo?

How about you?(先前問題的反問)
Are u hungry?
No. How about you?(==Are u hungry?)
yup.


縮寫注意:
what's 可以是what is or what has
(非正式) what's = what does

whaddaya => what do you , what are you


let's = let us

• 其他問句(5-13)

問近況(問候語)
How do you do?
=How are you getting along?
=How are you doing ?
=How are you?
=How's it going?


How do you spell "XXX"?
How do you speak "xxx" in Japanese?

How do you do? 答:How do you do? (打招呼)

星期幾 or 問日期 or 時間
(星期幾?) What day is it today?
(今天幾月幾日?) What date is it today?==
What’s the date today? //問日期,通常避免混淆會問後面的
(問時間? ) What time is it?

Ch6 名詞 & 代名詞

• 名詞複數型

結尾為-sh , -ch , -ss , -x 時加 -es
dishes , matches , classes , boxes

結尾為 子音-y 時 加 -ies
baby => babies

結尾為 母音-y 時 加 -s
toy => toys

結尾為 -f , -fe 時 加 -ves
knife => knives

例外 有些 -o 結尾加 -es or -s
zoo => zoos ; zero => zeroes/zeros ; tomato => tomatoes

例外 名詞複數型為另一個字

one child      => two children
one foot       => two feet
one goose    => two geese
one man      => two  men
one woman => two women
one mouse  => two mice
one person  => two people

單複數同字, 不加s , es

deer
fish
sheep


例外 外來語 不規則
crisis -> crises

• 介係詞(preposition)

in(在...之內) 大概時間,大的地點
country
city
year
season
month


on(在...面上) 確切日期, 確切地點
on Main street.
on Monday (不能in )
on the Monday morning
on new years.(12/31)
on Christmas (Day) or at Christmas


at(在....點)
at 1 p.m.
at a park
at night

• 地點&時間 詞序

S+ V+O + Place + Time
we bought house in N.Y. in 2005

• 主詞位置

there + be動詞 + S主詞
There are some books on the desk.

What was there in your room? //沒主詞


片語(找主詞)
The Information in those maga about culture and customs is very interesting.

• 名詞 (當形容詞)修飾名詞(compound noun)

N+N 前面名詞通常為單數

• other 單/複數型

=======以下單數================
Another



p.s. 只有兩個時用another.

Two child, one child ... , another child... 

The other 剩下一個時



=======以下複數================
Other + 名詞s = Others




the Other + 名詞s = the Others => 剩下一堆

• 
  

所有格代名詞= 所有格+N 

主詞  受詞               所有格       所有格代名詞       反身代名詞

  I       me                    my           mine                       myself
 you   you                   your           yours                   yourself
 he      him                 his            his                          himself
she     her                   her           hers                        herself
 it        it                     its            nope or its              itself

======================================以下為複數

we     us                    our            ours                      ourselves
you    you                 your         yours                    yourselves
they   them               their         theirs                    themselves

======================================補充
one  one(him)  one's(his/her)  his/hers               himself/herself

who  whom        whose           whose                himself/herself

Doirs   him/her    Doris'           his/hers             himself/herself
(人名)

• 名詞所有格

單數
student's name
man's name

複數
students' names
men's names

p.s. plural=>不能用girl's apples ; 只能用girls' apple

• own的用法

當verb 為擁有
當adj時 所有格+own+名詞 => ex: your own eyes

• 
  

Ch7 情態助動詞 Modal Auxiliary Verb

• 本章用到的情態助動詞 

助動詞+ V原
can
could
may
might
shall
should
had better
must
will
would

ought to

助動詞+to+ V原

have to
have got to //避免縮寫誤認, he's got ; 沒有had got
be able to
ought to

• will & shall

現在只有We和I會跟shall，he、she、they不會跟shall。

I will 表示願意
I shall  沒有願意,強迫將會去, 例如小孩說 : I shall go to school tomorrow.

• can & could

can= be able to , 過去式could

• may might Maybe(adv字首) 表示可能性

• may can 允許

• could

如為過去表示能力

Could you speak English?

如為現在、未來表可能性

You could be win.
It could start raining

• May I、Could I 、 Can I 禮貌問句 (以自身開始問) p.s may 不能用you

高 <===========>低

通常說出人名用can I 問， 不熟的用May I 如有Mr, Ms, Sir....

May I ask who is calling?

• would you、 Could you 、will you 、can you 禮貌問句(問別人) , would 不能用 I

高 <===========>低

Would you please keep voice down?

• should=ought to = had better 表示建議

should <ought to < must 語氣強度

用ought to 情況
1. recommend /advise
You ought to exercise more.

2.probability/high chance
She ought to receive the package tonight.

3..regret
I ought to have studied medicine not a pharmacy.

否認/ 問句 (沒有 'to')
Ought she call the police?
You ought not (to) smoke so much.

• Have to = Have got to = Must 表示必須

have to 比較常用於口語, 書寫

must 用於警告

have got to 非正式口語

問句為 Do/Does S(主詞) have to ....? (問句少用must, have got to

• Must not 禁止

Bus Passengers must not talk to the driver.

• Must 可用於推論 , 表示必須

Amy play tennis every day. she must like to play tennis.

• 祈使語 (字首 V原, 也可以在字首字尾加上please)

命令、請求、指示

Keep the engine running

• Prefer

Prefer + N / Ving

I prefer having afternoon tea.
I prefer coffee

Prefer V-ing to V-ing or Prefer N to N
喜歡前者 多於 後者

 I prefer playing baseball to playing basketball. 
 I prefer Paris to London


介係詞 to 也可用 over

 I prefer cake over cookie. 

喜歡做某事勝過另一件事

prefer + V-ing1 + to + V-ing2  
= prefer + to V1 + rather than + V2 
= prefer + to V1 + instead of  + V-ing2
= would rather + V1 + than + V2

Amanda prefers cooking at home to eating at restaurants. 

=Amanda prefers to cook at home rather than eat at restaurants.

=Amanda prefers to cook at home instead of  eating at restaurants.

=Amanda would rather cook at home than eat at restaurants.

「prefer + that 子句」為「假設語氣」,that 子句中「V原形」或「should + V」

Amanda prefers that John remove his shoes before entering her home.


would V原 rather  V原

Tom would read rather  talk 


like V-ing better than V-ing 
= lIke N better than N

I like playing outside better than staying at home.

Ch4 現在完成式&過去完成式 Present/Past Prefect

• 現在完成式

         S + have/has + Vpp + O

使用時機:

1.  表示動作已經完成: already
     表示動作尚未完成: yet

2.表示經驗 或 曾經做過: before(還有其他的)
其他關鍵字: just, recently, many times.

3.表動作從過去某一時間發生到(持續)現在(or未來)
 
   since+過去某一時間 (since 子句時 用過去簡單式)
   for + 一段時間

else:
* 帶有副詞 ever, never, still, just, already, yet 等的句子，通常需要用 現在完成式 或 過去完成式。

*過去的某個動作，不久前才剛剛完成 (... just...)。
I have just done my homework.


http://www.taiwantestcentral.com/Grammar/Title.aspx?ID=49

• 現在完成式 vs 過去簡單式

現在完成式=>   發生的過去時間不確定 , 可能未來會持續發生
過去簡單=>發生在過去特定時間,過去已經結束.

• 現在完成進行式

現在完成式 vs 現在完成進行式

與現在完成式差別不大,現在完成式強調動作 ,完成進行式強調時間.

過去動作持續到現在，並且還在進行中(可用現在完成進行式,也可用現在完成式)
過去經驗or經驗 or 已完成 (只能用現在完成式)

• 進行式 vs 現在完成進行式

進行式不會表達進行多久
現在完成進行式會說動作進行多久,如since.... , for ....

• 過去完成式

通常用於不同時間的兩件事, 先發生的用過去完成式，後發生的事件用過去簡單式來表達

Jack had left his apartment when Sue arrived.
The plane had already taken off when I arrived at the airport.
Nicole said she had already read this novel.

否定句:
What were you gonna do if I hadn't come(p.p) in?

• 過去完成式 vs 過去完成進行式

相差不多,重點在於"過去完成進行式",強調持續的時間


http://www.taiwantestcentral.com/Grammar/Title.aspx?ID=50

• 未來完成式

‧ 「終點」在「未來」的完成式
 ‧ 「will + have + 過去分詞」
與現在完成式相同, 一樣表示 完成、經驗、持續

I will have lived here for five years by end of next month.
下個月底時，我將住滿五年.

* 除了強調持續的時間外，未來完成進行式與未來完成式大致相同。

p.s.網頁 ID=57

when, if 子句

when/ if + S +現在完成式 ,+ S + will +V

條件句有三大類，其中第三類的 If 從屬子句要用過去完成式.
參考其他文法

• 問句

Have/Has + S+ 頻率副詞+ pp + O ?

Have you ever ridden a house?

Ch1-Ch3 現在式、過去式、未來式

英文名詞

Simple Present & Simple Progressive

Simple Past & Past Progressive

singular Plural

Past Participle 過去分詞

• 現在式

簡單式

1.用於習慣、事實、真理

2.當下狀態 (很模糊 文章中)

3.頻率副詞

句中:always, usually, often, sometime, seldom, barely, rarely, never
句尾: every XXX ,once, twice, xxx times


頻率副詞位置 (Frequency Adverb) 參考其他

進行式

1.動作正在進行

2.表示預定內的未來(已經計畫好)


p.s 不能用進行式的動詞 (think , have)

think 當認為或事實時不能+ing ; 當思考時 可以

have 表示擁有(物品)時不能+ing ; 當有, 吃 ... 可以

want 不能+ing

• 過去式

簡單式

S+ (V-ed ||V irregular) + O

過去進行式＆過去簡單

過去但是有兩個動作, 突發性的動作用過去簡單式, 持續進行的動作用過去進行式

關鍵詞: when , while (比較常用)

while I was sleeping , my phone rang.

I was washing my hair when you called.

其他

used to + V 原 => 表示曾經

BE used to + V-ing => 表示習慣

• 未來式

will  vs  be going to  vs  be v-ing 

1. will 當下決定的未來 , 如 : I will open the door.

2. be going to已經計畫好的未來(但還沒正在執行), I'm going to leave Taipei (someday)

3. be v-ing已經規劃好並且正在執行(一定有時間副詞), I'm leaving Taipei next Monday.
(有些動詞不能v-ing,ex:  laugh)

be about to 立刻的未來, 常用句型be about to do sth when ... 

p.s => will be ving 將要去,同will v


* 注意: 時間副詞子句 verb 用原型  ,只用於未來式(過去式則非)

1. 時間副詞子句={before,after,when,as soon as ,until, while} + S + V (簡單式) 

未來式(I will( am going to)+ Verb )+ 時間副詞子句 (S+V原+O)

before 未來式副詞子句: we're gonna have to do this quickly before he alerts the rest of them.(W.C. s02e01), 先 before 後(so easy too confuse)

過去式副詞子句: Before I went to bed, I finished my work.


*if 子句 = if + S +V  (簡單式) //表事實或表示未來，只能用簡單式

*對等連接詞and :

S+ V(現在或過去) and S+ V(現在或過去) ，但是未來式可省略

例如: she makes his bed and cleans up his room.

未來式 例如: Ann is cooking dinner and (is) talking on the phone.

未來式 例如: I will stay home and (will) study tonight.

未來式 例如: I am going to stay home and (am going to ) study tonight.

• 不能用進行式的動詞

五官
hear
sound
see
seem
look like

認定,了解,知道 認為 think(認為 no ing , 思考可以ing)
believe
understand
know
mean

be 
exist

手上: 擁有
have(擁有+物品 不能ing , 當有時可以)
own
possess
belong

要
need
want
prefer

like
love
hate

forget
remember

agree
disagree

• 動詞變化 

bend     bent                bent
burn burned/burnt  burned/burnt
dig        dug                 dug
draw     drew              drown
fly         flew               flown
hide       hid              hidden
hold      held              held
keep     kept              kept
light    lit/lighted       lit/lighted
mean   meant          meant
read     read               read
shake  shook            shaken
sink     sank              sunk
slide    slid                slid
stick   stuck             stuck
tear      tore               torn
throw  threw          thrown